However, in this group, 900 allergen genes were found to be isoallergen genes and only 5 were novel allergen genes. From 2000 to 2005, 1085 allergen genes were cloned. In 1985, 12 novel and unique allergen sequences were cloned and there were no isoallergen genes. According to the nomenclature rules of the allergen nomenclature committee, allergens from the same species are considered to be homologous allergens (isoallergen) if their sequence identity is over 67 % (Radauer et al. In the past two decades, with the development of PCR technology, IgE-binding detection technology and cloning and expression technology, allergens have been produced from in vitro expression systems and recombinant hypoallergenic proteins can be obtained through allergen site modification (Walgraffe et al. 5.1.3 Identification, Characterization, and Cloning of Single Allergens Every hospital or clinic desires to be able to diagnose allergic disease caused by any and all allergens, thus, the greater number of allergens that are identified, the better allergy research and treatment becomes. In recent years, with the development of modern life and genetically modified foods, novel allergens continue to be identified. 5.1.2 Identification of Novel Allergenic Sources Both the United States and Europe have developed standardized protocols for allergen preparations (Larsen and Dreborg 2008). The document providing guidance on allergen-specific immunotherapy, released by WHO (World Health Organization) in 1998, stated that the quality of the allergen vaccine is critical for the diagnosis and treatment of allergic disease, and that standardized allergen vaccines should be encouraged for clinical use (Bousquet et al. However, batch-to-batch differences in allergen preparations can seriously affect the diagnostic accuracy, the efficacy, and safety of allergen immunotherapy.
Primary antibody cross reactivity skin#
Allergen extracts can be used not only in clinical diagnosis (e.g., prick skin test) and in vitro testing but also for allergen-specific immunotherapy. Early studies of allergens included pollen, fungi, mites, food, etc. Allergen preparations are indispensible for the diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases, so the first step into the research of allergens is the preparation of an allergen extract. In 1873, Charles Barkley further proved that “hay fever” is caused by pollen antigens, termed “allergens”, which led to the research of allergens (Garrelds et al. 5.1.1 Protein Extraction from Allergenic SourcesĪs early as 1819, John Bostock first reported a case of “hay fever”. Throughout a hundred years of history of allergy, allergen research can be divided into seven stages that also provide the foundation for the development of the theory of allergen cross-reactivity. Allergens, as the core of the allergic reaction, have been a main focus of allergy research.
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